My fellow citizens:
（同胞吾民：）

I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
（今恭膺大任，感众望而怀先烈。布什君精诚效国，慷慨禅任，仆深感佩。）

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.
（立誓于斯者，凡四十四人矣。其辞也，或颂于风平水暖之盛世，或正值乱云压境之劫时。然国祚常存，不赖庙堂之高明，而赖人民之坚韧——信服前贤之义，恪守立国之典。）

So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.
（昔者如是，我辈固亦如是。）

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
（今之危难，路人皆知。外则暴仇环侍，内则元神大伤。贪渎之祸，加之决策之失，而致时运弗济，倾产丧业者比比。医贵而使民不敢病，庠坏而致犬儒嚣嚣；更有暴殄天物之习，徒滋戾气而毒苍生。）

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.
（此皆昭然凶兆也。更有化骨于无形者挫我心志，曰否运难逃，子孙将唯喏于人前……）

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America: They will be met.
（吾今告曰：凶固有，险固多，纵非一击可决，国人终必克之。）

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
（吾今齐会，为而鼓士气而破恐慌，合众志而泯前嫌。）

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.
（吾今告曰：忘睚眦之怨，去虚妄之言，除攻讦之风，止门户之见，破陈规之掣，立首善之邦。）

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.
（吾虽新邦，天命成雄。时当重铸悍魂，再谱丹青，传承彼国宝，播扬大道——天赋平等、自由、各尽其性。）

（抽空进行中……）

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the fainthearted -- for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things -- some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor -- who have carried us up the long, rugged path toward prosperity and freedom.

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.

For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.

Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions -- that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act -- not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions -- who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.

What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them -- that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works -- whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account -- to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day -- because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control -- and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart -- not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: Know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.

We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort -- even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.

For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus -- and nonbelievers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.

To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West: Know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.

To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.

As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment -- a moment that will define a generation -- it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.

For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.

Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends -- hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism -- these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility -- a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world; duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.

This is the price and the promise of citizenship.

This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed -- why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent Mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.

So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:

"Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive... that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."

America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested, we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back, nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.

只有59%的农户拿到了确认其农地承包权的土地承包合同或证书。中央政府一直强调保护农民土地产权，但地方政府对此并不热心，甚至暗中抵制

　　【《财经网》专稿/记者 常红晓】多年来，中国政府负责农地承包管理的农业部一直宣称，90%左右的农民已领到了农地承包经营权证。但是，一份对中国17个农业大省（区）农地权利保护的独立调查却显示，只有59%的农户拿到了确认其农地承包权的土地承包合同或证书。
　　上述调查由美国农村发展研究所、中国人民大学、美国密歇根州立大学负责，具体由中国人民大学土地管理系组织研究生和本科生执行。调查者于2008年暑期实地访谈了中国17个农业大省（区）1656个村的1773个农户，从而得出了上述判断。
　　该结果也表明，尽管中央政府一直强调保护农民土地产权，但地方政府对此并不热心，甚至暗中抵制。
　　2009年1月10日，在中国人民大学召开的“17省农村土地产权调查结果”研讨会上，独立研究机构——美国农村发展研究所创办人、华盛顿大学法学院教授罗伊·普鲁斯特曼指出，农地产权至关重要，中国政府应采取专项行动，确保农地权利合同或证书全面发放到户。
　　
不足六成农户有产权证明
　　上述调查显示，在《农地承包法》施行五年后，中国共有59%的农户拿到了确认其承包地权利的土地承包合同或证书。其中，12%的农户仅有土地承包合同，15%的农户仅有土地承包经营权证书，仅有32%的农户同时拥有土地承包合同和证书。
　　这意味着，中国还有41%的农户没有任何土地权利的证明文件。这表明，中国现有的农地法律并未能得到严格的执行。
　　1978年后，中国农村实行家庭承包经营制度，亿万农户与所属的农村集体经济组织签订农地承包合同，获得农地承包经营权。此后，中央政府又要求，由地方政府给农民发放农地承包经营权证书，以保护农民的承包权，弱化农地集体所有权。该经营权的期限最初是15年，现已延长为30年，并由《农地承包法》和《物权法》予以确认。
　　在所调查的17个省（区）中，农地承包经营权证书发放比例平均只有47%。发放比例最低的是贵州省，只有10%多一点，其次是黑龙江，不足20%；然后是四川、河南、陕西。而黑龙江、四川、河南、陕西都是农业大省（区）。
　　17个农业大省（区）中，承包经营合同发放的比例平均为33%。比例最低为广西，不足10%；其次是贵州，接近10%，然后是安徽、云南、福建、黑龙江、湖北、陕西等。
　　一般而言，发放比例越高，意味着农地权利越稳定。调查组却发现，承包合同发放比例最高的吉林省，其承包期延长为30年后，农地调整的比例却最高。而贵州省虽然承包合同和证书发放率都很低，但农地调整的比例却很低。
　　上述调查还发现，34%的村在农地承包期延长为30年后，还因人口变动而调整承包地；而41.5%的农户错误地认为，当家庭成员进入城市并转为非农户口时，必须交回承包地。实际上，《农地承包法》规定，只有农户“全家”迁入“设区以上的市”，并“转为城市户口”时，才需交回承包地。
　　现有《农地承包法》规定，农村妇女出嫁后，如在丈夫一方没有承包地，自己原有的承包地不能被收回。但此次调查却显示，还有28%的农民错误地认为，当女儿出嫁到外村后，其在娘家的承包地必须被收回。上述种种，已经成为落实农民土地产权的重大障碍。
　　此次调查还涉及此前一直被认为是农民私产的宅基地。调查显示，近年来一些省份正在推行“农民集中居住”，也就是把自然村整体拆迁，农民集中入住多层楼房。地方政府的目的是为了增加建设用地指标，而学者则担心这很可能侵犯农民的宅基地产权。
　　调查显示，平均有3.1%的村庄目前已把农民搬迁到集中安置的楼房，而7.4%的村已听说政府计划实施“集中居住”。在所调查的17个省（区）中，江苏农村已实施“集中居住”的比例最高，为10%，拟实施“集中居住”的比例也最高，超过27%。除了江苏，上述两个比例较高的省份依次为浙江、安徽、四川、山东等省（区）。
　　
保护农地产权六大建言
　　基于上述调查结果，曾多次参与中国农地立法、深谙中国土地法律制度的罗伊·普鲁斯特曼教授提出，当前中国政府应采取强有力的措施，确保农民土地产权的稳定。这对中国走出经济困境甚为重要。因为农地产权的稳定，可引发农民增加土地的投入，激励农业生产，增加农民收入，从而最终刺激农民的消费。
　　具体而言，罗伊·普鲁斯特曼教授代表调查课题组提出如下政策建议。首先是宣布农民对其耕地拥有永久的权利。这较之中共十七届三中全会提出农地承包权“长久不变”更进一步。
　　其次，除非自然灾害，应明确禁止所有形式的农地调整。这意味着将来不能因为人口的变化、征地、土地整理或其他原因而去调整农村土地，以切断农地权利与人口变动的联系。因为农地承包是以农户为单位，不能因家庭内人口的增减而变更其土地产权。
　　第三，明确宣布农民对其宅基地拥有永久的权利。果能如此，农民就可充分享受由宅基地的流转和使用所带来的经济收益。这包括宅基地用于抵押贷款的权利。据初步估计，该项措施将给中国农民带来超过1万亿美元的财富。
　　第四，尽快制定关于征地的新的法律，提高征地补偿标准，改善征地程序，并通过严格定义“公共利益”来限制政府征地。当然，这也包括按照中共十七届三中全会要求，适时修改《土地管理法》，推动“农村建设用地入市”。
　　第五，中央展开专项行动，向没有拿到土地承包合同或证书的农民发放合同和证书，并要确保数量和质量，注意土地承包合同的具体内容（比如地方干部的签字），如此使土地承包经营权证更有实际效力。
　　第六，对农民现有的和新的被中央政府强化的土地权利，实行广泛的、坚决的、重复的宣讲，并就农民土地权利的落实情况，对地方实行有效的监测，确保地方政府落实各项农地权利。
　　此次调查所涉及的17个省（区）分别为安徽、河北、湖南、陕西、浙江、福建、黑龙江、江苏、山东、广西、河南、江西、四川、贵州、湖北、吉林、云南。调查者在每个省选择了100个左右的村庄，每个村庄访谈一个农民，并排除了访谈村干部。■